Consumo de alcohol de los adolescentes en Madrid: la influencia de la identidad étnica latinoamericana y nacional española / Consumption of alcohol in adolescents in Madrid (Spain): influence of ethnic identity Latino and Spanish nationality

El alcohol es la sustancia más consumida por los adolescentes en sus espacios de ocio, y éstos difieren según ciertas categorías sociales. Objetivo. Este trabajo pretende abordar la relación entre identificación étnica latinoamericana y nacional española en el consumo de alcohol de los adolescentes madrileños, incluyendo el análisis de los motivos por los que beben alcohol y las circunstancias de riesgo que viven bajo el uso de esta sustancia. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo inferencial mediante un cuestionario ad hoc auto-administrado a 2890 adolescentes de 12 a 18 años; muestreo estratificado de centros de E.S.O. de Madrid. Resultados. El 7,4% de los adolescentes se identificó como latinoamericano y el 73,4% como español. La identificación como latinoamericano se asoció a mayor motivación para el consumo relacionada con la desinhibición, haberse emborrachado perdiendo el sentido, mayor autopercepción de abuso de alcohol y mayor riesgo en las relaciones sexuales. La identificación como español resultó más frecuente en mujeres que en varones, y no se relacionó con ninguna variable del consumo ni del abuso de alcohol. Las diferencias intersexuales fueron significativas en la edad de inicio al consumo y en la conducta de embriaguez. Conclusiones. Los resultados conducen a considerar las variables culturales y de identificación social en la intervención preventiva para aumentar la eficacia y eficiencia

Alcohol is the substance adolescents consume most in their leisure spaces, and these differ according to special social categories. Aims. This article aims to approach the relationship between ethnic Latino identity and Spanish nationality in alcohol consumption by Madrid adolescents. It includes an analysis of the reasons why they drink alcohol and the risk situations they undergo under this substance. Method. Descriptive inferential study with an ad hoc questionnaire self-administered to 2890 adolescents from 12 to 18 years old; stratified sampling in Ten Educational Centers in Madrid. Results. 7.4% of the adolescents identified themselves as Latin-American, and 73.4% as Spanish. The identification as a Latin-American was associated with a higher motivation for consumption related to lack of inhibition, having been inebriated with loss of consciousness, higher self-perception of alcohol abuse and higher risk in sexual intercourse. Identification as being Spanish was more frequent in women than in men, and was not related to any variable of alcohol consumption or abuse. Intersexual differences in analyzed variables were significant for the age of onset for consumption and alcohol intoxication behavior. Conclusions. Results lead to take into account cultural variables and those related to social identity in preventive intervention to increase efficiency and effectiveness

¿Es necesaria una intervención diferencial de género en la prevención universal y selectiva del consumo de drogas en adolescentes? / Is a gender differential intervention necessary in the prevention of adolescent drug use?

Objetivos. Explorar los significados diferenciales en el consumo de drogas, tabaco y alcohol entre chicos y chicas, y plantear la posible necesidad de diseñar e implementar los programas de prevención desde una perspectiva de género. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo mediante 8 grupos de discusión con adolescentes de 14-18 años (n = 56) y 6 entrevistas semiestructuradas a expertos y profesionales de prevención de drogas en la Comunidad de Madrid. Análisis interpretativo categórico. Resultados. Los adolescentes y profesionales de prevención señalaban diferencias entre chicos y chicas en los consumos de tabaco y alcohol. Los significados, motivos asociados al consumo y las pautas de consumo eran percibidos de forma diferente en cada sexo. Adelgazar, calmar los nervios o una imagen de rebeldía era relacionada al fumar de las chicas mientras que el menor consumo de tabaco en los chicos se asociaba con su participación en el deporte. La percepción de cierta precocidad en los consumos de drogas se asociaba al paso del colegio al instituto. Constataban la buena imagen social asociada a fumar entre sus grupos. Los adolescentes manifestaron la ineficacia de las campañas y mensajes de prevención que recibían, la incoherencia de los adultos entres sus mensajes y acciones, y la atracción de todas las conductas que les eran prohibidas. Los profesionales observaban la necesidad de incluir la perspectiva de género en los programas de prevención, pero desconocían cómo concretarlo, ya que principalmente lo traducían en actividades diferentes para cada sexo. Conclusiones. Los diferentes significados asociados al consumo que otorgan chicos y chicas nos llevan a diseñar y realizar programas preventivos que incorporen la perspectiva de género, pues es quizá desde esta estrategia desde donde se pueda reducir el consumo de tabaco y alcohol entre las chicas (AU)

Objectives. To examine the significant differences in smoking, drug and alcohol use between adolescent boys and girls, and to raise the possible need to design and implement prevention programs from a gender perspective. Method. A qualitative study using eight discussion groups of adolescents aged 14-18 years (n = 56) and 6 semi-structured interviews with experts and professionals in drug prevention in the Community of Madrid. Categorical interpretive analysis was performed. Results. The adolescents and prevention professional indicated differences between boys and girls in drug and alcohol use. The significances, reasons associated with the consumption and the patterns of consumption were perceived differently by each sex. To lose weight, calm down or an image of rebelliousness was related to girls who smoked, while boys smoked less because they did more sports. The perception of certain precocity of drug consumption was associated with the step from school to Higher Education Institutions. They found smoking associated with a good social image among their groups. Adolescents showed the ineffectiveness of the campaigns and prevention messages they received, incoherence of adults between messages and actions, and the attraction of all behaviours that are banned. Professionals observed the need to include a gender perspective in prevention programs, but did not know how to achieve it, mainly because it has been translated into different activities for each sex until now. Conclusions. The significant differences associated with smoking, drug and alcohol use observed in the adolescents should lead us to design and implement prevention programs that incorporate a gender perspective. It is perhaps from this strategy where drug and alcohol use among girls can be reduced (AU)

Is a gender differential intervention necessary in the prevention of adolescent drug use?

OBJECTIVES: To examine the significant differences in smoking, drug and alcohol use between adolescent boys and girls, and to raise the possible need to design and implement prevention programs from a gender perspective. METHOD: A qualitative study using eight discussion groups of adolescents aged 14-18 years (n=56) and 6 semi-structured interviews with experts and professionals in drug prevention in the Community of Madrid. Categorical interpretive analysis was performed. RESULTS: The adolescents and prevention professional indicated differences between boys and girls in drug and alcohol use. The significances, reasons associated with the consumption and the patterns of consumption were perceived differently by each sex. To lose weight, calm down or an image of rebelliousness was related to girls who smoked, while boys smoked less because they did more sports. The perception of certain precocity of drug consumption was associated with the step from school to Higher Education Institutions. They found smoking associated with a good social image among their groups. Adolescents showed the ineffectiveness of the campaigns and prevention messages they received, incoherence of adults between messages and actions, and the attraction of all behaviours that are banned. Professionals observed the need to include a gender perspective in prevention programs, but did not know how to achieve it, mainly because it has been translated into different activities for each sex until now. CONCLUSIONS: The significant differences associated with smoking, drug and alcohol use observed in the adolescents should lead us to design and implement prevention programs that incorporate a gender perspective. It is perhaps from this strategy where drug and alcohol use among girls can be reduced.